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Hurricane Joan was a powerful hurricane that caused death and destruction in over a dozen countries in the Caribbean and Central America. Moving on a due west course for nearly two weeks in October 1988, Hurricane Joan caused widespread flooding and over 200 deaths after moving into Central America. Widespread suffering and economic crises were exacerbated by Joan, primarily across Nicaragua, as heavy rains and high winds impacted those near the hurricane's path. After crossing Central America into the Pacific, the cyclone was renamed Tropical Storm Miriam, with the system's dissipation occurring southwest of Mexico. Joan-Miriam was the final hurricane of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season and the final named storm of the Pacific hurricane season.〔Miles B. Lawrence and James M. Gross. (1988 Monthly Weather Review ) accessed April 9, 2006〕〔〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Joan report p. 3 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 ==Meteorological history== One of the latest Cape Verde-type hurricanes to form in any season,〔Padgett, Gary (Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for October 2003 Part 1 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 Joan formed from an area of convection in the intertropical convergence zone that moved off the coast of Africa early in October. It developed banding and was upgraded to Tropical Depression Seventeen on October 10 and later designated as Tropical Storm Joan while located at low latitude in the central Atlantic Ocean.〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Joan report p. 1 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 Joan gradually strengthened as it passed over the southern Windward Islands on October 15. It continued heading west in response to a strong Ridge, and passed over the Guajira Peninsula on October 17.〔 After entering the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea, Joan strengthened into a hurricane. It then slowly executed a small counterclockwise loop, possibly in response to the nearby Tropical Depression Eighteen.〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Joan report p. 2 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 Upwelling caused by the quasi-stationary hurricane weakened the system. As the nearby depression dissipated, Joan resumed its westward track. A strong anticyclone over the southwestern Caribbean Sea created an extremely favorable environment, and Joan underwent rapid deepening at a rate of 38 millibars in the space of a day.〔 With a minimum pressure of 932 millibars, Joan was one of the strongest October hurricanes since 1961.〔 At the time, it was located at 12°N, the southernmost Category 4 hurricane ever recorded at the time.〔 That record has since been broken by Hurricane Ivan.〔〔Stacey R. Stewart. (NHC Ivan Report ) accessed April 27, 2006〕〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Joan report p. 7 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 Joan made landfall just south of Bluefields on October 22.〔 It passed over the northern portion of Lake Nicaragua, passed over Managua, and entered the Pacific Ocean near Leon on October 23.〔 Joan remained a hurricane or tropical storm during its entire passage over Central America, and was a minimal tropical storm when it reached the Pacific.〔 As per the policy at the time, Joan was renamed Miriam.〔 Tropical Storm Miriam hugged the coast of Central America and reached its peak of 986 millibars on October 24.〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Miriam report p. 1 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 Ordinarily, a pressure this low would indicate a Category 1 hurricane, but due to its disorganized convection, Miriam was not upgraded to a hurricane.〔 Land interaction and wind shear weakened Miriam to a tropical depression on October 26. Low-level winds carried the system out to sea, and its convection dissipated on October 28.〔 Miriam's remnants continued out to sea, and they regenerated on October 30. The tropical depression hung on for the next few days, until its second, and final, dissipation on November 2.〔Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. (NHC Miriam report p. 2 ) accessed April 10, 2006〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hurricane Joan–Miriam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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